These reference tokens individuate the selected items from distractors and from one another and monitor item locations, thus allowing these items to maintain their identities despite changes in their properties or positions. When Pylyshyn and Storm ( 1988) originally discussed MOT, they proposed that it relies on a spatial-indexing mechanism that operates by assigning reference tokens to a small number of items in the visual scene at once. This suggests that the executive, as measured by tests such as the OSPAN, plays little role in explaining individual differences in multiple-object tracking. When measures of spatial memory were included in the regression, the unique variance predicted by the OSPAN became negligible ( sr 2 =. 05 for both), and when regression was used to partial out shared variance between the two tests, the remaining variance predicted by the OSPAN was minimal ( sr 2 =. The correlation between OSPAN and tracking was similar in magnitude to that between digit span and tracking ( p <. Although the executive measures correlated with each other, the RSPAN did not correlate with tracking. 30), with each making a significant contribution. 33), and the visuospatial measures accounted for the majority ( R 2 =. The tests predicted substantial amounts of variance ( R 2 =. For purposes of comparison, the digit span test was also included (a measure not expected to correlate with tracking). Two relatively nonspatial measures of the executive were used: operation span (OSPAN) and reading span (RSPAN). The Corsi Blocks and Visual Patterns Tests were used to assess visuospatial working memory. An individual-differences approach was used to investigate the roles of visuospatial working memory and the executive in multiple-object tracking.
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